英语复杂句精讲

句型分类+从句嵌套

英语复杂句的核心是“主句+1个/多个从句”,通过从句嵌套实现逻辑分层,精准传递复杂语义。无论是学术写作、专业阅读还是高阶交流,复杂句的熟练度直接决定表达的深度与精准度。

英语复杂句知多少

核心构成:主句与从句的“主从关系”。

本质:“主句+ 从句”,从句必须依赖主句存在,且需通过连接词明确逻辑关系。

主句特征:能独立成句,表达核心语义。

从句特征:不能独立成句,需充当主句的某个成分,按功能分为名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句四类。

复杂句三原则:

1. 从句必须用“陈述句语序“。

2. 一个从句只能有一个连接词。

3. 主句与从句的时态需遵循“时态呼应”规则,即主从时态一致。

Ok,那接下来和我一起去了解各类复杂句的结构和用法吧。

四大类从句

1.名词性从句—主语从句(Subject Clause)

  • 结构:连接词 + 陈述句语序(充当句子主语)

常用连接词:that,whether,what,who,when等

  • 例句:What she said at the meeting surprised everyone.

    (她在会议上说的话让所有人都很惊讶。)

解析:What she said at the meeting 作主语,连接词what在从句中作said的宾语,整体表达“所说的内容”。

  • 易错点:

    ① 连接词that不可省略;

例:That he passed the exam is true.

  • ② 避免语序倒装。

例:

错误:When will he come is unknown❌

正确:When he will come is unknown✅

2. 名词性从句—宾语从句(Object Clause)

  • 结构:主句谓语动词/介词 + 连接词 + 陈述句语序(充当句子宾语)

常用连接词:that,if/whether,how,where等

  • 例句:I don’t know if she will attend the party tomorrow.

    (我不知道她明天是否会参加派对。)

解析:if she will attend the party tomorrow 作know的宾语,连接词if表“是否”,从句用陈述句语序。

  • 易错点:

    ① 当主句为过去时,从句需用相应过去时态;

例:He said (that) he had finished his homework.

  • ② 介词后不可用if,需换whether。

例:I’m worried about whether he can arrive on time.

3. 名词性从句—表语从句(Predicative Clause)

  • 结构:主句系动词 + 连接词 + 陈述句语序(充当句子表语)

常见主语系动词:be,seem,become等

常用连接词:that,what,why,how等

  • 例句:The problem is that we don’t have enough time.

    (问题是我们没有足够的时间。)

解析:that we don’t have enough time 作is的表语,连接词that仅起连接作用,无实际含义。

  • 易错点:

    ① 连接词that不可省略;

例:My hope is that we can work together.

    ② 避免用because引导表语从句。

例:

错误:The reason is because…❌

正确:The reason is that…✅

4. 定语从句(Attributive Clause)

  • 结构:先行词(名词/代词) + 关系词 + 陈述句语序(修饰先行词)

常见的关系词:who,whom,which,that等

  • 例句:This is the book(先行词,被后面that引导的从句修饰)that I borrowed from the library yesterday.

    (这就是我昨天从图书馆借的那本书。)

解析:that I borrowed from the library yesterday 修饰先行词the book,关系词that在从句中作borrowed的宾语。

  • 易错点:

    ① 先行词为人时,关系词用who/whom(作宾语可省略);

例:

The woman whom I met yesterday is a neurolinguistic scientist.(作主语不省略whom)

I talked to the woman (whom) I met yesterday.(作宾语可以省略whom)

    ② 非限制性定语从句中不可用that。

例:She has a sister, who is a doctor.

5. 状语从句(Adverbial Clause)

  • 结构:连接词 + 陈述句语序(充当状语,表时间、原因、条件等)

常用连接词:when, because, if, though等

英语复杂句精讲(句型分类 从句嵌套)
  • 例句:We will go for a picnic if the weather is fine tomorrow.

    (如果明天天气好,我们就去野餐。)

解析:if the weather is fine tomorrow 作条件状语,连接词if表“如果”,从句用一般现在时表将来。

  • 易错点:

    ① though/although不可与but连用;

例:

错误:Though he is young, but he is brave. ❌

正确:Though he is young, he is brave.✅

6. 同位语从句(Appositive Clause)

  • 结构:先行词+ 连接词that + 陈述句语序(解释先行词内容)

先行词多指:idea,fact,news等抽象名词

  • 例句:We all know the fact that the earth goes around the sun.

    (我们都知道地球绕着太阳转这个事实。)

解析:that the earth goes around the sun 解释fact的具体内容,连接词that无实际含义,不可省略

  • 易错点:

    ① 先行词需为抽象名词(hope, truth等);

    ② 区分定语从句与同位语从句:定语从句修饰先行词,同位语从句解释先行词。

例:

定语从句:The news that he told me is true.

同位语从句:The news that he won the game is true.

复杂句嵌套

四类从句嵌套的本质是“主句为框架,从句可互相充当对方的成分”,形成“主句+从句1+从句2”的多层结构,所有从句内部均用陈述句语序,连接词根据从句功能选择。

1. 名词性从句嵌套定语从句

  • 搭配:名词性从句(主语/宾语/表语) + 定语从句(修饰名词性从句中的名词)

  • 例句:What the student who won the prize said impressed all the teachers.

    (那个获奖学生说的话,给所有老师留下了深刻印象。)

  • 解析:

    ① 外层主语从句:What the student who won the prize said(充当主句主语);

    ② 内层定语从句:who won the prize(修饰主语从句中的“the student”,关系词who作从句主语);

    ③ 主句主干:(主语从句) + impressed(谓语) + all the teachers(宾语)。

2. 名词性从句嵌套同位语从句

  • 搭配:名词性从句(主语/宾语/表语) + 同位语从句(解释名词性从句中的抽象名词)

  • 例句:We all agree with the idea that the news that our team won the game should be announced immediately.

  • 解析:

    ① 外层宾语从句:that the news that our team won the game should be announced immediately(充当“agree with”的宾语);

    ② 内层同位语从句:that our team won the game(解释宾语从句中的“the news”,连接词that无实际含义);

    ③ 主句主干:We all(主语) + agree with(谓语) + the idea(宾语) + (同位语性质的宾语从句)。

3. 定语从句嵌套名词性从句

  • 搭配:定语从句 + 名词性从句(作定语从句中的主语/宾语/表语)

  • 例句:The book that tells us what we need to know about history is very popular.

    (那本告诉我们历史知识的书非常受欢迎。)

  • 解析:

    ① 外层定语从句:that tells us what we need to know about history(修饰先行词“the book”,关系词that作从句主语);

    ② 内层宾语从句:what we need to know about history(作定语从句中“tells”的宾语);

    ③ 主句主干:The book(主语) + (定语从句) + is(谓语) + very popular(表语)。

4. 定语从句嵌套同位语从句

  • 搭配:定语从句 + 同位语从句(解释定语从句中的抽象名词)

  • 例句:The scientist who put forward the theory that the earth is round is respected by many people.

    (那个提出“地球是圆的”理论的科学家,受到很多人的尊敬。)

  • 解析:

    ① 外层定语从句:who put forward the theory that the earth is round(修饰先行词“the scientist”,关系词who作从句主语);

    ② 内层同位语从句:that the earth is round(解释定语从句中的“the theory”);

    ③ 主句主干:The scientist(主语) + (定语从句) + is respected(谓语) + by many people(状语)。

5. 同位语从句嵌套名词性从句

  • 搭配:同位语从句 + 名词性从句(作同位语从句中的主语/宾语/表语)

  • 例句:The fact that we should learn how to solve problems independently is very important.

    (我们应该学会如何独立解决问题,这个事实非常重要。)

  • 解析:

    ① 外层同位语从句:that we should learn how to solve problems independently(解释先行词“the fact”);

    ② 内层宾语从句:how to solve problems independently(作同位语从句中“learn”的宾语);

    ③ 主句主干:The fact(主语) + (同位语从句) + is(谓语) + very important(表语)。

6. 混合嵌套(四类从句互相嵌套)

  • 搭配:名词性从句 + 定语从句 + 同位语从句

  • 例句:What the teacher told us about the plan that we will carry out the project which aims to prove the hypothesis that language influences thinking is very inspiring.

    老师告诉我们的关于“我们将开展一个旨在证明’语言影响思维’这一假设的项目”的计划,非常鼓舞人心。)

  • 解析:

    ① 外层主语从句:What the teacher told us about the plan that we will carry out the project which aims to prove the hypothesis that language influences thinking(充当主句主语);

    ② 第一层嵌套(定语从句):that we will carry out the project which aims to prove the hypothesis that language influences thinking(修饰主语从句中的“the plan”);

    ③ 第二层嵌套(定语从句):which aims to prove the hypothesis that language influences thinking(修饰“the project”);

    ④ 第三层嵌套(同位语从句):that language influences thinking(解释“the hypothesis”);

    ⑤ 主句主干:(主语从句) + is(谓语) + very inspiring(表语)。

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