在船上总会遇到 “差一点就出事” 的瞬间：爬梯脚滑没摔着、吊货绳蹭船没断裂、工具差点掉进机器…… 这些看似 “有惊无险” 的情况，有个专业说法叫 “Near Miss（未遂事故）”，不能因为没损失就不用管，可能它就藏着下次事故的信号。
什么是Near Miss?
The Rusty Lifting Gear
图源：NEARMISS.dk
一、先明确：Near Miss 的定义
关于 Near Miss（未遂事故），目前全面的权威界定的是这样的：
维基百科最新定义：
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Near Miss（未遂事故），也可称为 near death（近伤亡事件）、near hit（近撞击事件）或 close call（惊险瞬间），指 “未造成人员受伤、环境破坏、设备损坏，也未中断正常运营，但存在潜在风险的意外事件”。简单说，就是 “差一点就引发危害，但最终因偶然因素避开” 的情况。
A near miss, near death, near hit, or close call is an unplanned event that has the potential to cause, but does not actually result in human injury, environmental or equipment damage, or an interruption to normal operation.
IMO 定义：MSC-MEPC.7/Circ.7
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2.1 Near-miss（近失事件）：指 “可能导致损失的一系列事件和 / 或状态，仅因事件链和 / 或状态链中的偶然中断，才避免了损失发生”。这里的 “潜在损失” 包括人员受伤、环境破坏，或对业务的负面影响（如设备维修更换成本、航期延误、违约、声誉受损等）。
2.2 IMO 还给出 3 类典型示例，帮航运人更好理解：
.1 触发应急程序 / 计划 / 响应后避免损失的事件，比如 “险些发生碰撞时及时避让”“船员复查阀门时发现供压端读数异常，避免设备损坏”；
.2 存在意外风险但未引发后果的事件，比如 “有人刚离开某区域，起重机就意外在该位置掉落货物”“船舶在常水深较浅水域偏航，但因异常涨潮未搁浅”；
.3 危险状态在风险过后才被发现的情况，比如 “船舶离港数小时后，发现无线电未调至港长指定频率”“航行中发现 ECDIS 显示比例与海图、雷达图像的比例 / 投影 / 方向不匹配”。
2 Defining near-miss2.1 Near-miss: A sequence of events and/or conditions that could have resulted in loss. This loss was prevented only by a fortuitous break in the chain of events and/or conditions. The potential loss could be human injury, environmental damage, or negative business impact (e.g., repair or replacement costs, scheduling delays, contract violations, loss of reputation).2.2 Some general examples of a near-miss help to illustrate this definition:. 1 Any event that leads to the implementation of an emergency procedure, plan or response and thus prevents a loss. For example, a collision is narrowly avoided; or a crew member double checks a valve and discovers a wrong pressure reading on the supply side.. 2 Any event where an unexpected condition could lead to an adverse consequence, but which does not occur. For example, a person moves from a location immediately before a crane unexpectedly drops a load of cargo there; or a ship finds itself off-course in normally shallow waters but does not ground because of an unusual high-spring tide.. 3 Any dangerous or hazardous situation or condition that is not discovered until after the danger has passed. For example, a vessel safely departs a port of call and discovers several hours into the voyage that the shipís radio was not tuned to the Harbour Masterís radio frequency; or it is discovered that ECDIS displayís scale does not match the scale, projection, or orientation of the chart and radar images.
二、航运场景里，要分清这 4 个安全术语
很多船公司对 Near Miss 有自己的界定，SEAHEALTH（海洋健康组织）虽未制定统一官方定义，但建议全行业先分清 4 个核心安全术语，这是阻断事故的基础：
Unsafe condition（不安全状态）：设备、环境存在的隐患，比如松动的爬梯、没盖的机舱人孔、过期的灭火器 —— 是事故的 “温床”；
Unsafe act（不安全行为）：人员违反安全规范的操作，比如爬高不系安全带、用明火检查油管 —— 是触发风险的 “开关”；
Near miss（近失事件）：“不安全状态 + 不安全行为” 共同作用的结果，没造成伤害但差一点，比如 “踩松梯阶没摔落”“货物绳松脱没移位”；
Accident（事故）：最终导致人员受伤、船体损坏、设备故障的实际危害事件。
下面是NEARMISS.dk的几组照片，帮助大家更好理解什么是Near Miss:
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向上滑动阅览参考文献
MSC-MEPC.7/Circ.7
NEARMISS.dk
Wikipedia.com
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