|
Self-Portrait in Woman’s Hair,Salome Paraphrase,
1895–1896,Gouache,brush,pencil,460×330×0.28mm
爱德华·蒙克(Edvard Munch1863年12月12日-1944年1月23日）是一位挪威画家。他创作于1893年的作品《呐喊》成为西方艺术界最受赞誉的图像之一。蒙克的童年被疾病、丧亲之痛以及对遗传家族精神疾病的恐惧所笼罩。在克里斯蒂安尼亚（奥斯陆）皇家艺术与设计学院学习期间，蒙克在虚无主义者汉斯·耶格尔的影响下开始过着波西米亚式的生活。汉斯鼓励蒙克描绘自己的情感和心理状态（“灵魂绘画”）；由此，他独特的风格应运而生。爱德华·蒙克是一位多产但始终心存疑虑的艺术家，他专注于人类死亡的问题，如慢性疾病、性解放和宗教渴望。他通过色彩浓烈、半抽象和神秘主题的作品表达这些痴迷。在法国印象派取得巨大胜利之后，蒙克继承了颇具影响力的保罗·高更的图形化、象征主义情感，并成为新一代欧洲大陆表现主义和象征主义画家中最具争议性且最终声名鹊起的艺术家之一。蒙克成长于 20 世纪的第一个十年，正值新艺术运动的巅峰时期，该运动的特点是关注一切有机、进化和神秘的本能事物。为了与这些主题保持一致，但明确地远离它们的装饰性应用，蒙克开始将可见事物视为一扇窗户，以观察尚未完全形成但并非从根本上令人不安的人类心理。
Self-Portrait under the Mask of a Woman,1893,
Tempera on unprimed wooden panel,70×44.5cm
Caricatured Self-Portrait,1894,
Pencil,Laid paper,120×95×0.16mm
Self-Portrait,1895,Lithograph,
European wove paper,460×315mm
Lithograph and scraper on transparent paper,45.8×42.2cm
Self-Portrait with Skeleton Arm,1895,31.9×45.8cm
Self-portrait with skeleton arm,1895,Lithograph,45x32cm
Lithograph on grey-green wove paper,40×55.9cm
Self-Portrait with Lyre,1897,
Watercolour,Wove paper,635×480mm
Self-Portrait in Hell,1903,Oil on canvas,66x82cm
Self-Portrait with Brushes,1904,Oil on canvas,91×19.7cm
Self-Portrait against a Green Background,
1905,Oil on canvas,67.5×45.5cm
Self-portrait with Light Hat,1905,Hectograph,285×235mm
Self-portrait with Light Hat,1905,Hectograph,290×240mm
Self-Portrait in Broad Brimmed Hat,
1905–1906,Oil on canvas,80×64.5cm
Self-Portrait with a Bottle of Wine,
1906,Oil on canvas,120x110cm
Self-Portrait in Profile,1907,Gouache and crayon on unprimed cardboard,Cardboard,65.5×64cm
Self-Portrait as Standing Nude at the Easel,Study of a Leg,
1907–1908,Charcoal,crayon,watercolour,brush,
Wove paper,640×477×0.28mm
Self-Portrait against a Blue Sky,
1908,Oil on canvas,60×80.5cm
Self-Portrait with a Cigar,1908–1909,
Lithograph,European wove paper,565×460mm
Self-Portrait with Cigarette,1908–1909,
Pencil,Wove paper,238×298×0.28mm
Self-Portrait,1908–1912,Charcoal,
Wove paper,564×346×0.12mm
Self-Portrait,1908–1912,Charcoal,
Wove paper,564×346×0.12mm
Self-Portrait in Profile,1910,
Pen,Wove paper,117×185×0.85mm
Self-Portrait,1910–1915,Pastel,
Wove paper,438×334×0.12mm
Self-Portrait with Hand under Cheek,
1911,Oil on canvas,83.5×69.5cm
Self-Portrait with Fat Woman.Kiss on the Hair,
1912-1915,Crayon,black,Wove paper,259×410×0.1mm
Self-Portrait,1911–1912,Woodblock,320×241×3mm
Self-Portrait,1911–1912,Woodblock,554×337×9mm
Self-Portrait,1911–1912,Woodcut,Japan paper,557×346mm
Self-portrait Facing Left and Man and Woman,
1912–1913,Woodblock,442×351×9mm
Self-Portrait Facing Left,1912–1913,
Woodcut,Europeisk velinpapir,440×354mm
Self-portrait Facing Right,1912–1913,
Self-Portrait Facing Right,1912–1913,
Tresnitt,Europeisk velinpapir,333×249mm
Self-Portrait in Shadow,1912,
Litografi, Japanpapir,310×275mm
Self-Portrait in Shadow,1912,
Litografi, Europeisk velinpapir,310×275mm
Self-Portrait,1915,Pen,Wove paper,253×358mm
Self-Portrait,1915,Black chalk,
Wove paper,675×483×0.15mm
Self-Portrait,1915,Charcoal,Wove paper,600×600×0.19mm
Self-Portrait as Nude,1915,
Watercolour,Laid paper,564×379mm
Self-Portrait,1915-1918,Charcoal,
Wove paper,338×258×0.09mm
Original Drawing for Self-Portrait with Beard,
1919,Crayon,black,Wove paper,428×601×0.21mm
Self-Portrait with Beard, 1919,Litografi,
Europeisk velinpapir,425×612mm
Self-Portrait with Beard,1919, Litografi,
Europeisk velinpapir,425×612mm
Sketch for Self-Portrait in Inner Turmoil,
1920,Pencil,pen,Laid paper,275×221×0.09mm
Self-Portrait with Dog,1920–1930,
Blue carbon paper,Wove paper,227×349×0.15mm
Seated Male Nude.Self-Portrait,1920–1934,
Blue carbon paper,Wove paper,419×340×0.12mm
Self-Portrait in the Nude,Sitting,1920–1934,
Charcoal,Canvas,607×900mm
Self-Portrait,Sitting on the Floor,1921–1935,
Watercolour,Wove paper,700×862×0.23mm
Self-Portrait as Seated Nude,1930–1935,
Tusche and blue watercolour on unprimed canvas
Seated Male Nude.Self-Portrait,1933–1934,
Pen,pencil,Laid paper,216×275×0.09mm
Standing Male.Self-Portrait,1923–1926,
Self-Portrait in Hat and Coat,
1923–1924,Oil on canvas,135.5×80.5cm
Self-Portrait with Hands in Pockets,
1923–1926,Oil on canvas,104.5×65cm
Self-Portrait,1920–1930,Charcoal,
Wove paper,598×462×0.18mm
Self-Portrait,1925,Crayon,blue,Wove paper,265×235mm
Outline for Self-Portrait,1925,Gouache,
Wove paper,401×269×0.08mm
Self-Portrait,1925,Crayon,Wove paper,401×269×0.08mm
Self-Portrait at the Wedding Table,
1925–1926,Oil on canvas,79.5×64.5cm
Self-Portrait,1926,Watercolour and gouache,
Self-Portrait in Front of the House Wall,
1926,Oil on canvas,92×73cm
Self-Portrait with Palette,1926,Oil on canvas,90x68cm
Original Drawing for Self-Portrait with Hat I,
1927,Pencil,Wove paper,328×220mm
Self-Portrait with Hat I,1927,Lithograph,202×185mm
Self -Portrait with Hat II,1927,Litografi,
Europeisk velinpapir,255×220mm
Self-Portrait en face,1930,Woodcut,
Wove paper,290×172mm
Postcard for Thorolf Holmboe with Self-Portrait with
Self-Portrait in Backlight,1930,Lithograph,Wove paper,450×332mm
Self-Portrait in Backlight,1930,
Litografi,Velinpapir,450×332mm
Self-portrait with a Bottle of Wine,
1930,Lithographic stone,436×545×41mm
Self-Portrait with a Bottle of Wine,
1930,Lithograph,420×515mm
Self-Portrait on the Glass Veranda,1930–1933,
Oil and crayon on wooden panel,45.5×55.5cm
Self-Portrait on the Glass Veranda,1930–1933,
Oil on wooden panel,45.5×55cm
Seated Male Nude.Self-Portrait,1932,Crayon,red,
carbon paper,red,Wove paper,429×265×0.09mm
Letter to Julie and Thorolf Holmboe
with Self-Portrait as a Wanderer,1933,Pen
Self-Portrait with Puppy,1934,
Pencil,pen,Wove paper,180×266×0.1mm
Self-portrait with a Little Puppy,1933,
Hectograph,Laid paper,190×130mm
Self-portrait with a Little Puppy,1933,
Hectograph,Japan paper,175×110mm
Self-Portrait,1935,Crayon,Laid paper,142×115×0.08mm
Self-Portrait with Bottles,1938–1942,
Self-Portrait,1940,Pen,Laid paper,276×215×0.1mm
Self-Portrait by the Window,1940,
Oil on canvas,84.5×108.5cm
Self-Portrait,Standing,1940,Pen,
Wove paper,279×220×0.09mm
Self-Portrait.Between the Clock and the Bed,
1940-1943,Oil on canvas,120x149cm
Self-Portrait,with a Cod’s Head on the Plate,
1940–1942,Oil on wooden panel,55×45.5cm
Self-Portrait.Quarter past two in the Morning,
1940–1943,Watercolour,Velinpapir,302×500mm
Self-Portrait,1940–1943,Oil on canvas,58×78.5cm
Self-Portrait with Pastel Crayon,1943,Crayon,Canvas
爱德华·蒙克的自画像，绝非仅仅是艺术家对镜自视的简单记录，而是一部贯穿其一生的、充满精神强度与哲学叩问的 “灵魂日记”。这些画像共同构成了艺术史上最为坦诚、深刻且令人不安的自我剖析序列，记录了一个敏感灵魂在存在主义焦虑、疾病、孤独、酗酒与对死亡之凝视中，持续与自我进行的激烈对话。
从早期开始，蒙克的自画像便跳脱了传统肖像的范畴。在《自画像与骷髅臂》（1895）中，他将自己的半身像与一幅骷髅手臂的石膏模型并置，这绝非偶然的静物组合，而是一则直白的生命寓言：生者与死者的对话。年轻的面容与象征死亡的手臂共享同一画面空间，宣告了蒙克艺术的核心主题——生命被死亡如影随形地渗透。这种对自身终局性的自觉，从一开始就为他笔下的自我形象奠定了阴郁的基调。与之相对，《地狱中的自画像》（1903）则展现了另一种内省。在象征主义风格的红色漩涡背景下，他赤裸着苍白、瘦削的上身，仿佛被地狱之火或内心激情所炙烤。身体在此不是力量的展示，而是脆弱与暴露的载体，是灵魂受难的居所。这幅画剥离了社会身份的外衣，将自我还原为最本质、也最痛苦的生存状态。
随着年岁增长与精神危机的加剧，蒙克的自我审视变得更为冷峻甚至残酷。《在诊所的自画像》 系列（1908-1909）是他艺术与生命的重大转折点。在因酗酒和神经崩溃入住哥本哈根诊所后，他以惊人的客观性描绘了自己——一个坐在疗养院椅子或病床上的、憔悴不堪的男人。画面色调寒冷（蓝、灰、白），身体僵硬，眼神空洞或望向虚无。这里没有浪漫化的痛苦，只有被疾病耗尽后的枯槁与虚无。这些画像仿佛是一次临床诊断，艺术家既是病人，又是冷静记录病情的医生。正是在这种彻底的崩溃与后续的康复中，蒙克的风格发生转变，笔触变得更为粗犷、概括，色彩也趋向于更具纪念碑感的简练。
步入晚年，特别是独居在埃克利的岁月里，蒙克的自画像获得了某种新的维度——孤独的守望者。在《窗边的自画像》（1940-1943）等作品中，他已至耄耋之年，身着深色大衣，矗立在画室窗前，窗外是挪威的风景。身影巨大、孤绝，如同一座直面时间与自然力量的峭壁。此时的孤独，已不再是早年的焦虑嘶喊，而是一种被接纳的、近乎庄严的存在状态。他成为自己世界的中心，也是其唯一的见证者。然而，死亡的阴影从未褪去。在《时钟与床之间的自画像》（1940-1943）中，他再次将自己置于象征时间流逝的时钟与象征最终安息（或疾病与性）的床铺之间，以衰老之躯，冷静地丈量着生命最后的距离。
纵观蒙克的自画像，其视觉语言始终服务于内在真实。他从早期表现主义的扭曲线条、象征性色彩，到后期更为概括、有力的笔触，始终用形式来翻译情绪与存在感。他的面容在不同时期或肿胀、或枯瘦、或紧张、或呆滞，眼神或灼热、或空洞、或警觉、或疏离，无一不是其内心状态的直接外化。背景常常是抽象的、具有心理压力的空间，或是将其孤立，或是将其淹没。
更重要的是，蒙克的自画像建立了一种自我与他者、内在与外在的辩证关系。他笔下的自己，常常是“被观看”的——被死亡观看，被疾病观看，被孤独观看，也被潜在的观众观看。这种强烈的被注视感，使得每幅自画像都像一次公开的坦白，一次将私人痛苦转化为普世存在的仪式。通过反复描绘自己，他不仅是在记录个人的衰变与挣扎，更是在将“个体”转化为“人类境况”的象征。那个凝视我们的男人，既是爱德华·蒙克，也是每一个在生命、欲望、疾病与死亡面前感到困惑与战栗的现代人。
蒙克的自画像系列，是一条贯穿现代灵魂景观的深邃脉络。它从青春期的死亡自觉开始，穿越中年危机的烈焰与冰窖，最终抵达老年孤独的清醒岸畔。它不讲励志故事，只提供一份关于人类存在之脆弱、坚韧与不可避免的终结性的、无与伦比的视觉证词。这些画像共同构成了一面镜子，我们从中看到的，或许最终是自己内心深处那份难以言说的、对于存在的焦虑与疑惑。
观音山
|
