为了让阅读者能高效且有效地理解并吸收本篇文字,咱们预先设定阅读背景三条,以谋求共识。具体内容如下:
1、近义词辨析是基于他们的交集意思进行辨析,而非他们的其他不相关意思。
2、近义辨析很难,尤其是跨语言的近义辨析。因为翻译就是一个信息衰减的过程,所以请阅读者在进行近义辨析时,多结合生活中的实际场景去思考、体会和理解。
3、近义词辨析不仅能学习到相关词汇知识,而且在辨析过程中,也是对其他相关知识的一种梳理、重构和查缺补漏。
言归正传,今天的主题是【Rank, ranking, rating, rate】之间的联系与差异。
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想要区分【rank, ranking, rating, rate】这几个单词之间的差异,就得先设定一些参考基准线,而这几个单词之间的差异就围绕这些基准线展开。只有这样,我们才能察觉出他们之间的细微差异。
一般来说,各位看官需要先阅读下述的基本概念,再通过数个例句营造的语境来体会、理解词汇的核心意思,最后再通过差异对比才能真正理解词汇之间的细微不同。
当然,如果你觉得这些内容都没必要,则可以跳到本篇的最后小节,直接阅读词汇之间的差异对比。
一、基本概念
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一般来说,评级衡量体系有两种,一是结构化的衡量体系,二是非结构化的衡量体系。前者拥有特定的评估标准和方法,而后者则是评估者自己提供评估标准,相对较为主观。
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一般来说,在一个组织内部的排名分为两种,一是相对长期的静态排名,二是相对短期的最新的、临时的动态排名。
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【Rank, ranking, rating, rate 】这几个词,他们每一个都有多种用法。本篇文字讨论的是他们之间的交集意思,也就是他们之间最容易被混淆的地方,而非全面地阐述每一个单词的每一种用法。
一、Rank
【Rank】的核心意思:在一个结构较为稳定的体系内部,通过成员相互对比进行排序,排序过程中占据的一个个位置,就是【rank,级别】。
类似的体系,包括军队、政府等级别分明的组织体系,也包括临时的团队或集体,以及空间或时间等体系。
1、临时的团队或集体,以及空间或时间等体系(动词更能说明【rank】的核心意思)
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She ranked the bottles in order of size along the shelf. 在一个空间范围(架子)内排序
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2012 must rank as (= be) the most difficult year for Europe since the 30s. 在一个时间范围内排序
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Forty-five percent of respondents ranked health as their number one priority. 在调查内容清单之中排首位
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My entry was ranked third in the flower show. 在此次花展之中所有参赛作品之间排序
2、军队、政府等级别分明的组织体系
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She was not used to mixing with people of high social rank. 社会
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He was soon promoted to the rank of captain. 军队
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Ministers of cabinet rank receive a higher salary than other ministers. 政府
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After many years at the company he eventually worked his way up to the rank of Chief Executive Officer. 公司
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A hospital registrar is of a lower rank than a consultant. 医院
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The students were ranked in order of their test scores. 学校
3、其他(rank order)
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The items can be physically moved around by the participant in a list to show their rank order. 显示他们比较之后的顺序
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The set of rectangles below can be put into rank order based on the measures given for the attributes of width, length or brightness. 按比较之后的次序,来排序
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Consumer preferences were placed in rank order from 1 to 5. 比较消费者的偏好,然后按1到5排序
二、Ranking vs Rank
ranking n. 相对动态的(dynamic),临时的,最新的级别排序
rank n. 相对静态的(stative)级别排序
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Rank is a static attribute that does not change unless there is a promotion or demotion. Ranking, on the other hand, is a dynamic attribute that can change frequently based on new information or criteria. Rankings are often updated regularly to reflect the most current data.
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Standford University went down in university ranking. Last year, it was ranked 6 in the USA, but this year is is ranked 8. The rank of Standford University in the USA is high.
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He lost in the fourth round, earning himself the ranking of 5 out of 20. 短期排名(如:第一轮中的排名)和长期排名(如:自这个项目成立以来)。另外,短期排名有可能最终变成长期排名。
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The ranking system is based on a complicated formula with different items such as reputation or performance carrying different weights. 带着不同权重(强调排名的过程)
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He has improved his ranking this season from 67th to 30th. 本赛季
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He is currently 16th in the world rankings. 世界排名清单(有众多的ranking)
三、Rate

(一)【Rate】的核心意思:某值相对于参照物的比较值,而参照物又分为内部参照物和外部参照物。如:变化量/总量(内部参照物),数量/标量(外部参照物)等等。
1、变化量/总量(内部参照物)
【变化量/总量】,在现实生活中,最常见的就是各种比率,如:出生率、失业率、死亡率、增长率、犯罪率、成功率,利率、汇率、税率等等。
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Figures published today show another fall in the rate of inflation.
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We have seen a reduction in the crime rate over the last 12 months.
说明:分子与分母的计量单位相同。如:出生率 = 出生人口/总人口,分子与分母的计量单位都是人口数量。
2、数量/标量(外部参照物)
【数量/标量】,在现实生活中,最常见的也是各种比率。但它与前者的区别是分子与分母的计量单位不同,因此其分母也被称为外部参照物。
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They traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour. 从一个地方到另一个地方(速率)
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Refugees were crossing the border at the rate of 1000 a day.
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His pulse rate dropped suddenly. 【单位时间:每分钟】被隐含
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The car was traveling at a great rate down the highway. 相对于其他车更快(相对于参照物的速度)
(二)引申意之一:基于内部参照物(整体),对事物的利或弊进行评估,然后输出简洁的主观符号以示所谓的评级。
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基于内部参照物(整体),对事物的利或弊进行评估,其相当于两个数值之间的比值,分子是利或弊,分母是整体。
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主观符号:主观定义的一些等级符号,如:数字,字母,high/low,best/worst等。
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所谓的评级:一般来说,就是指其不具有客观的参考价值。但也有一些例外。如:企业或金融产品的信用评级,电影的评级。
1、常见例句
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How would you rate yourself on a scale of one to ten?
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I would rate myself a 5 out of 10 in coding. 5/10,满分十分,得5分
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How did you rate her speech? 精彩的内容/整体内容(参照物或评估体系(rating scale)会被隐含)
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The match rated as one of their worst defeats. 此次比赛/数次糟糕比赛
四、Rate vs. Rating
由于【rate】是通过相对较为主观的评估输出的主观符号,以示所谓的等级,导致名词属性的【rate】几乎没有应用语境或场景,所以名词属性的【rate】没有【评级或等级】的意思,而在大多数语境中,它的意思是【某值相对于参照物的比较值】,如:出生率,利率等。
1、在【rate】的过程中,我们应用【rating】来作为动态的等级,对事物进行评估并输出临时的或者是动态的等级符号。
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I would only give this PC a rating of two out of five.
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The restaurant has a health rating of A.
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The hotel achieved a four-star rating.
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The resort got a low rating for children’s facilities.
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一、比较或对比的分析过程最好是直抵核心,差异突出、细节丰富。但实际应用的逻辑则是越精简越好,所以最后的总结只有一条应用逻辑,但细分为三点,内容如下:
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基于语境共识形成的衡量体系,进行评级则用【rate,动词】,在非衡量体系的组织内部进行相互对比,则用【rank,动词】;
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输出评级用【rating】;输出相对动态的(dynamic)级别,用【ranking】;输出相对静态的(stative)级别,则用【rank】;
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由于【rate】是相对较为主观的等级,导致名词属性的【rate】几乎没有应用语境或场景,所以名词属性的【rate】没有【评级或等级】的意思,而在大多数语境中,它的意思是【某值相对于参照物的比较值】,如:出生率,利率等。
二、通过典型例句,体会上面的抽象文字
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Movies rated highly by critics often rank higher in awards season.
前者强调影评人(模糊的评级标准)的评级,后者强调在颁奖季所有参赛作品中的排名
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The restaurant is rated 5 stars for food quality but ranks 10th in the city due to poor service reviews. 前者强调相对模糊的评级标准,后者强调在全市所有餐厅中的排名
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When it comes to surveys, how you ask each question can be just as important as what you ask. Here we look at two of the most popular question types.
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You can always follow up the ranking question with a rating question to evaluate the strength of the preference. 评估偏好的强度
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A ranking question asks the respondent to put items in order, usually order of preference. Only one item can occupy each rank, so the respondent has to think carefully and choose which one gets the top spot. A ranking question asks survey respondents to compare a list of different objects to one another.
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A rating question is where the respondent assigns a score to each item. The scores can be assigned more than once. So if your respondent thinks that more than one item on your list of options deserves a 10 out of 10, they can express that.
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He’s in the front/first rank of (= one of the best) international tennis players. 一级(体系内的相互对比)
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There are a total of 9 grades in the ABRSM piano exams, the Initial grade and grades 1 to 8. 钢琴一级(统一的标准考试或衡量体系)
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Students who rank in the top third of their class have a better chance of being accepted to the college of their choice. 在班上排名前三的学生更有可能被他们选择的大学录取(班内的相互对比)
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Students will be graded on their reading ability. 根据统一的标准考试或衡量体系
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The pay grade does not inform those responsibilities, but the officer’s rank does. 薪酬等级并不能说明这些责任,但官员的级别可以说明