三阴性乳腺癌的雌激素受体、孕激素受体和HER2三大靶点均为阴性,对传统的内分泌治疗和HER2靶向治疗无效。而且,三阴性乳腺癌周围的肿瘤微环境就像黑帮老巢,挤满免疫抑制细胞,例如肿瘤相关巨噬细胞和骨髓来源抑制细胞,可以抑制人体抗肿瘤免疫力。虽然嵌合抗原受体基因工程T淋巴细胞对血液肿瘤有效,但是受到抗原逃逸、肿瘤微环境免疫抑制以及采集患者自体淋巴细胞成本高速度慢而且不通用的阻碍,难以用于三阴性乳腺癌。
2025年10月13日,美国华裔血液及肿瘤专家学会官方期刊、英国《生物医学中心》旗下《血液及肿瘤学杂志》在线发表美国洛杉矶加利福尼亚大学和西达赛奈医疗中心的研究报告,首次利用脐带血干细胞工厂批量生产能够精准打击三阴性乳腺癌的智能细胞导弹。
该研究首先从脐带血里提取CD34阳性造血干细胞及其祖细胞,用慢病毒导入三段基因:
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自然杀伤T淋巴细胞受体:识别CD1d,专打免疫抑制细胞
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针对间皮蛋白的嵌合抗原受体:像全球卫星定位系统一样锁定肿瘤
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白细胞介素15:如同自带续航电池,让细胞持久战斗
该过程就像给干细胞装上智能系统,最后产出同种异体白细胞介素15增强型间皮蛋白嵌合抗原受体自然杀伤T淋巴细胞,不需要采集患者自体淋巴细胞,还能避免排异反应,而且产量惊人,一管脐带血能造出1万亿个细胞,足够治疗几千患者。
普通嵌合抗原受体T淋巴细胞只能靠嵌合抗原受体单线作战,但是这款细胞是多面手,既能识别间皮蛋白直接轰击肿瘤细胞,又能通过其他等受体打击变异肿瘤细胞,还能通过T淋巴细胞受体专杀CD1d阳性肿瘤相关巨噬细胞和骨髓来源抑制细胞端掉免疫抑制细胞黑帮老巢,而且能够长期作战,反复挑战肿瘤五轮都不累,这就像送进战场的不仅是士兵,还自带补给部队和拆弹专家。
光说不练假把式,先拿小白鼠做实验。对于小鼠原位肿瘤模型,该细胞可使肿瘤完全消失,小鼠全部存活,而普通细胞可使一部分小鼠死于排异反应。对于小鼠肿瘤转移模型,该细胞能跑到肺、骨髓等转移灶精准点名,而普通细胞根本找不到路。关键安全指标也没问题,无排异反应、无器官损伤,简直又快又稳。
那么,怎么做到通用且防排异?原来该研究利用基因编辑技术敲除人类白细胞抗原基因B2M和CIITA,可以不被宿主T淋巴细胞认出,几乎不引发排异反应,而且抗肿瘤能力不减,在体内外照样高效杀癌细胞,这就好比给细胞穿上隐形斗篷,躲过宿主免疫系统巡查,直捣肿瘤黄龙!
该研究打破三个传统瓶颈:
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异体难题:不用现抽患者细胞,用脐带血量产,成本低、速度快。
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实体肿瘤难题:多靶点机制+肿瘤微环境重塑,克服肿瘤异质性和免疫抑制。
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排异难题:人类白细胞抗原基因编辑实现通用,适合大规模应用。
虽然该研究目前还在临床前阶段,但是这条路线简直是为免疫细胞疗法抗癌普及化铺路,未来可能像药品一样即取即用,造福更多患者。当然,下一步需要开展临床研究验证持久性和安全性。但是,毫无疑问这是免疫细胞疗法迈向2.0时代的标志一步,对于三阴性乳腺癌具有强大的治疗潜力,尤其对于转移、免疫逃避和治疗耐药患者。

J Hematol Oncol. 2025 Oct 13;18:86. IF: 40.4
Targeting triple-negative breast cancer using cord-blood CD34+ HSPC-derived mesothelin-specific CAR-NKT cells with potent antitumor activity.
Li YR, Shen X, Zhu Y, Li Z, Hon R, Tian Y, Huang J, Zhao AS, Ma NY, Zhang C, Lin D, Sargsyan K, Yuan Y, Yang L.
University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
BACKGROUND: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the lack of ER, PR, and HER2 expression. Its aggressive behavior, high degree of tumor heterogeneity, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) are associated with poor clinical outcomes, rapid disease progression, and limited therapeutic options. Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cell therapy has shown certain promise, its applicability in TNBC is hindered by antigen escape, TME-mediated suppression, and the logistical constraints of autologous cell production.
METHODS: In this study, we employed hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) gene engineering and a feeder-free HSPC differentiation culture to generate allogeneic IL-15-enhanced, mesothelin-specific CAR-engineered invariant natural killer T (Allo15MCAR-NKT) cells.
RESULTS: These cells demonstrated robust and multifaceted antitumor activity against TNBC, mediated by CAR- and NK receptor-dependent cytotoxicity, as well as selective targeting of CD1d+ TME immunosuppressive cells through their TCR. In both orthotopic and metastatic TNBC xenograft models, Allo15MCAR-NKT cells demonstrated potent antitumor activity, associated with robust effector and cytotoxic phenotypes, low exhaustion, and a favorable safety profile without inducing graft-versus-host disease.
CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results support Allo15MCAR-NKT cells as a next-generation, off-the-shelf immunotherapy with strong therapeutic potential for TNBC, particularly in the context of metastasis, immune evasion, and treatment resistance.
KEYWORDS: Allogeneic CAR-NKT cells; Allogeneic cell therapy; Allorejection; CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing; HLA ablation; Mesothelin-targeting CAR (MCAR); Metastatic model; Multiple tumor targeting mechanism; Off-the-shelf; Orthotopic model; Potent antitumor activity; Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC); Tumor microenvironment (TME); Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM).
PMID: 41077583
DOI: 10.1186/s13045-025-01736-9