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虽然得益于检测和治疗技术的进步,乳腺癌患者的生存率不断提高,但是乳腺癌复发后仍然难以治愈。许多乳腺癌患者在庆祝治疗结束后,仍然对癌症复发心存疑虑。对于复发率大约30%的乳腺癌患者,唯一选择是持续无限期的治疗,但是这并不能完全清除乳腺癌。其中,三阴性乳腺癌和HER2阳性乳腺癌在数年内可能复发,激素受体阳性乳腺癌在数十年后仍有可能复发。乳腺癌复发可能来自长期休眠于骨髓以及其他部位的肿瘤播散细胞,又称微小残余病变,可以在数年甚至数十年后重新激活。这些休眠细胞并非活跃的癌细胞,并且可能播散于全身,因此用于监测乳腺癌复发的标准影像学检查无法发现。一旦这些休眠细胞开始增殖并在血液中循环,就可能导致乳腺癌转移扩散。微小残余病变患者更容易出现乳腺癌复发,并且总生存率较低。在临床上,肿瘤播散细胞数量与乳腺癌患者的复发率和死亡率呈正比关系。目前,我们根本不知道乳腺癌是否会复发,或者何时会复发,也不能够实时发现哪些乳腺癌患者体内潜伏着导致复发的休眠细胞并进行干预治疗以防止复发。休眠期代表着一个时机,可以在休眠肿瘤细胞复发并发展为转移之前进行干预并清除。令人惊讶的是,某些对活跃肿瘤细胞无效的老药,对这些休眠肿瘤细胞非常有效。
2025年9月2日,英国《自然》旗下《自然医学》在线发表美国宾夕法尼亚大学的研究报告,首次通过人类临床试验证实现有老药对沉睡的乳腺癌有效,肿瘤播散细胞减少量可达78%~87%,单药治疗患者3年无复发生存率超过90%,两药治疗患者3年无复发生存率高达100%。
该研究临床前小鼠实验表明,自噬以及哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白mTOR信号传导是肿瘤休眠和逃逸的关键机制。自噬顾名思义就是自己吃自己,不仅能够清除细胞内废物、细菌或病毒,还参与细胞的生长分化,在饥饿条件下为细胞提供生命活动所需的能量和原料,营养缺乏导致的自噬主要依靠mTOR信号传导。自噬对肿瘤的发生和发展具有“双刃剑”作用,既可抑制肿瘤的发生,但是肿瘤形成以后又可促进肿瘤的发展。
随后,该研究利用自噬抑制剂氯喹(1934年问世)或羟氯喹(1949年问世)以及mTOR抑制剂雷帕霉素(1972年问世)或依维莫司(1997年问世)比较短暂或长期用药对残余肿瘤细胞数量和无复发生存的影响,发现对于残余肿瘤细胞处于休眠状态的小鼠,单用mTOR抑制剂或联合自噬抑制剂,都可显著减少残余肿瘤细胞数量,并且显著改善无复发生存,而且该效果依赖于用药持续时间。残余肿瘤细胞数量与无复发生存呈显著反比关系,提示残余肿瘤细胞减少可带来无复发生存改善。
为了将该实验发现用于临床,研究者进一步开展单中心随机对照二期临床试验:CLEVER,于2017年2月21日至2021年10月19日入组乳腺癌确诊后5年内骨髓穿刺检测肿瘤播散细胞阳性患者51例,随机分为三组:羟氯喹组15例、依维莫司组15例、羟氯喹+依维莫司组21例,治疗六个周期。主要终点为可行性和安全性,次要终点包括肿瘤播散细胞减少或清除率和无复发生存。
CLEVER Pilot Trial (NCT03032406): A Phase II Pilot Trial of HydroxyChLoroquine, EVErolimus or the Combination for Prevention of Recurrent Breast Cancer
结果,治疗可行且耐受性良好,仅1例患者由于3级毒性反应提前停药。6至12个月后,大多数患者的休眠肿瘤细胞被清除。中位随访42个月,仅2例患者复发,羟氯喹、依维莫司、羟氯喹+依维莫司相比,3年无复发生存率达91.7%、92.9%、100%。肿瘤播散细胞清除与未清除的患者相比,复发或死亡低79%(风险比:0.21,95%置信区间:0.01~3.4)。羟氯喹、依维莫司或羟氯喹+依维莫司治疗三个周期与仅仅观察相比,肿瘤播散细胞减少或无法检出的后验概率达98~99.9%,估计肿瘤播散细胞减少量分别达80%、78%和87%。
因此,该研究结果表明,休眠肿瘤细胞的生物学特性与活跃肿瘤细胞截然不同,对于乳腺癌小鼠模型或者人类患者,利用羟氯喹、依维莫司或羟氯喹+依维莫司针对休眠残余肿瘤细胞,可以清除微小残余病变,防止乳腺癌复发,故有必要进一步开展多中心大样本人体随机对照临床研究进行验证。为了验证并扩大CLEVER研究成果,该团队已于2021年开始在全美多中心招募患者参与两项更大样本二期临床研究:ABBY(阿贝西利±羟氯喹)和PALAVY(阿维利尤单抗或羟氯喹±哌柏西利),预计将于2027年至2028年完成。
Nat Med. 2025 Sep 2. IF: 50.0
Targeting dormant tumor cells to prevent recurrent breast cancer: a randomized phase 2 trial.
DeMichele A, Clark AS, Shea E, Bayne LJ, Sterner CJ, Rohn K, Dwyer S, Pan TC, Nivar I, Chen Y, Wileyto P, Berry LR, Deluca S, Savage J, Makhlin I, Pant DK, Martin H, Egunsola A, Mears N, Goodspeed BL, Chislock EM, Graves J, Wang J, Shih N, Belka GK, Berry D, Nayak A, Feldman M, Chodosh LA.
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Berry Consultants, Austin, TX, USA; Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Breast cancer recurrence may arise from dormant disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) that persist in bone marrow and other sites. Clinically, DTCs are independently associated with breast cancer recurrence and death. Preclinical studies in mouse models identified autophagy and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling as critical mechanisms of tumor dormancy and escape. We subsequently tested the effects of transient versus chronic inhibition of autophagy with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and mTOR signaling with rapamycin (RAPA) or everolimus (EVE) on residual tumor cell (RTC) burden and recurrence-free survival (RFS). In mice harboring dormant RTCs, inhibition of mTOR alone or in combination with autophagy inhibition decreased RTC burden and improved RFS in a duration-dependent manner. RTC number was strongly and inversely correlated with RFS, suggesting that RTC reduction mediated an improvement in RFS. To translate findings clinically, we performed a randomized phase 2 trial (CLEVER) of HCQ, EVE or their combination in breast cancer survivors within 5 years of diagnosis who had detectable DTCs on bone marrow aspirate. Primary endpoints were feasibility and safety; secondary endpoints included DTC reduction/clearance and RFS. In total, 51 DTC+ patients initiated HCQ (n = 15), EVE (n = 15) or HCQ + EVE (n = 21). Treatment was feasible and tolerable; only one patient discontinued early for grade 3 toxicity. At 42 months median follow-up, landmark 3-year RFS for HCQ, EVE and HCQ + EVE was 91.7%, 92.9% and 100%, respectively, and was greater in those who cleared DTCs versus those who did not (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.21 (95% confidence interval 0.01-3.4)). Posterior probabilities were 98-99.9% that three cycles of HCQ, EVE or HCQ + EVE led to reduced or undetectable DTCs compared to observation alone, with estimated DTC reductions of 80%, 78% and 87%, respectively. These findings provide proof-of-concept that targeting dormant RTCs with HCQ, EVE or their combination in breast cancer survivors or mouse models depletes minimal residual disease, warranting a definitive human randomized controlled trial.
ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03032406
DOI: 10.1038/s41591-025-03877-3
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