为了让阅读者能高效且有效地理解并吸收本篇文字,咱们预先设定阅读背景三条,以谋求共识。具体内容如下:
1、近义词辨析是基于他们的交集意思进行辨析,而非他们的其他不相关意思。
2、近义辨析很难,尤其是跨语言的近义辨析。因为翻译就是一个信息衰减的过程,所以请阅读者在进行近义辨析时,多结合生活中的实际场景去思考、体会和理解。
3、近义词辨析不仅能学习到相关词汇知识,而且在辨析过程中,也是对其他相关知识的一种梳理、重构和查缺补漏。
言归正传,今天的主题是【level, grade, degree, extent】之间的联系与差异。
1
想要区分【level, grade, degree, extent】这几个单词之间的差异,就得先设定一些参考基准线,而这几个单词之间的差异就围绕这些基准线展开。只有这样,我们才能察觉出他们之间的细微差异。
一般来说,各位看官需要先阅读下述的基本概念,再通过数个例句营造的语境来体会、理解词汇的核心意思,最后再通过差异对比才能真正理解词汇之间的细微不同。
当然,如果你觉得这些内容都没必要,则可以跳到本篇的最后小节,直接阅读词汇之间的差异对比。
一、基本概念
程度:一般来说,是指深度、强度;但是如果广度达到必要量时,自然也就变成了程度,因此程度包括广度和深度。
广度和深度的相互转换:在一个实体(A)内部,进行多维度比较,是一种横向比较。但两个实体(A和B)之间进行比较时,实体(A)和实体(B)是横向比较,而原来实体(A)内部所谓的横向维度(广度),就变成了纵向维度(深度)。
质:不仅是指质量,还包括品质等体现事物好坏、优劣、高下的一些属性。
系统性:是指一个整体、一个集合内部各组成部分之间相互联系、相互作用、协调一致的属性或特性。
2
【Level, grade, degree, extent】这几个词,他们每一个都有多种用法。本篇文字讨论的是他们之间的交集意思,也就是他们之间最容易被混淆的地方,而非全面地阐述每一个单词的每一种用法。
一、Grade
【Grade】的核心意思:是衡量体系中的一个等级或一个计量单位。具体的等级分值引申为【质】的优劣,如:服务的质量高低,薪资等级或公司地位的高低,物体(包括食物)的品质好坏,甚至是大小等等。
它的特点是衡量所用的计量维度相对单一,强调【质】,但衡量标准细致、严格且具体。通过下面的例句体会它的核心意思。
1、教育系统中的年级划分,以及各类考试中的具体分值。如:三年级数学考了100分。
He skipped a grade so he finished high school early.
He got a grade A in maths. 成绩的多少
Henry achieved grade A passes at A-level. 取得了A的Henry,通过了A-level的考试
2、衡量体系中的一个等级或一个计量单位。具体的等级分值又引申为【质】的优劣,如:物体(包括食物)的品质好坏,服务的质量高低、薪资等级或公司地位的高低等等。
The best grades of tea are expensive.
All the materials used were of the highest grade.
The entire production line is made of high-quality, food-grade stainless steel.
But it is very important that chefs and restaurants use a food-grade tank and not industrial-grade one.
He was offered a job at a lower grade. 薪资等级或公司地位
The majority of staff are on the same grade. 同上
Marvin wanted to be an actor, but he didn't make the grade. 没能达到相关等级要求(grade这个词本身内含【质】的意思)
3、通过动词属性的【Grade】,辅助说明它的核心意思
I have to grade their work when I teach them. 判作业(或打分)
The fruit is washed and then graded by size.
Beef is graded on the basis of its fat content.
二、Level
【Level】的核心意思:是系统性衡量体系中的一个刻度,且计量单位的标尺相对较大(层级)。它的特点是衡量所用的计量标尺相对较大,维度多元,强调【系统性】。
1、空间维度的平面或层级
The restaurant is on the level below this one. 在这层下面的那一层
The floodwater nearly reached roof level. 屋顶那个平面(高度)
2、衡量体系中的一个刻度或一个计量单位。当具体的刻度抽象化之后,随着层级的提升,其系统性、复杂性、品质感都随之提升。
The hotel's level of service is consistently high.
He studied French to degree level. 学位水平(层级)
I refuse to sink to their level (= behave as badly as them).
On a more personal level, I would like to thank Jean for all the help she has given me. 在更私人一些的层面上来说
Each level is randomly generated so each game is different. 游戏关卡层级
三、Degree
【Degree】的核心意思:是系统性衡量体系中的一个刻度,且计量单位的标尺相对较小(刻度或程度)。它的特点是衡量所用的计量标尺相对较小,维度单一,强调【量】。
1、衡量体系中的一个刻度或一个计量单位,如:温度、角度、经纬度等。
Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (32°F) or zero/nought degrees Celsius (0°C).
Bake the pie in a 350-degree (= 350°F) oven.
Lean forward at a 45-degree angle. 角度
2、具体的刻度抽象为各类的程度,如:难度、硬度、精确度、精通程度、污染程度等等。
A:That's really bad.
B:Well, it's all a matter of degree. 那只不过是度的问题,而不是好坏问题
I like modern art to a certain degree, but I don't like the really experimental stuff.
Most pop music is influenced, to a greater or lesser degree, by the blues. 或多或少
I felt excitement and sadness in equal degree as I waved goodbye to my colleagues. 喜忧参半
He doesn't like spicy food, but can eat a little pepper to a degree. 一点点辣
四、Extent
【Extent】的核心意思:通过区域面(二维)来描述程度。与区域(面积,二维)有关的汉语,包括覆盖面、涉及面、波及面(波浪所及)、牵扯面、影响面、扩散传播面等等。
1、空间维度的区域面
You can't see the full extent of the beach from here. 区域
We don't know the extent of his injuries at this point. 在这时,我们还不知道伤势范围(广度)
The River Nile is over 6,500 kilometres in extent. 虽然是长度,但河肯定是有宽度的,也就是说,它是一个狭长的区域
He unwound the rope to its full extent. 他把绳子完全解开
The car was damaged to such an extent that it couldn't be repaired. 广度
2、抽象化之后的区域面。与之相关的汉语词汇包括覆盖面、涉及面、波及面(波浪所及)、牵扯面、影响面、扩散传播面等等。
She had not realized the extent to which the children had been affected.
To some extent, she was responsible for the accident. 达到某种程度(广度)
Some people hold their beliefs very strongly, even to the extent of being prepared to go to prison for them.
说明:程度:一般来说,是指深度、强度;但是如果广度达到必要量时,自然也就变成了程度,因此程度包括广度和深度。
3
一、比较或对比的分析过程最好是直抵核心,差异突出、细节丰富。但实际应用的逻辑则是越精简越好,所以最后的总结只有一条应用逻辑,但细分为四点,具体内容如下:
1、若要衡量或体现,某事物的【质】,则应用【grade】;
2、若要衡量或体现,某事物的【系统复杂性】,则应用【level】;
3、若要衡量或描述,某事物的【程度】,则应用【degree】;
4、若要通过广度来体现某事物所处的【程度】,则应用【extent】;
5、剩下的其他细节再通过日积月累的实践,慢慢补充进自己的知识体系之中。
二、通过典型例句,体会上面的抽象文字
I agree with you to a certain degree. 一定程度上同意你(基本同意,非常同意,极其赞同)
I agree with this policy to a certain extent. 一定范围上同意这个政策(如:政策的第一、三、五章内容,我都同意)
To what level are you committed to this project? 投入程度(层级)到什么程度(层级)
The hotel has a high grade of service. 服务的质量是真好,不一定是哪一个层级的(level),有可能是一星级
The hotel's level of service is consistently high. 高层级的酒店服务(五星),但服务质量不一定真好
The grades range from 1 to 15 and each has 10 steps. In this structure, an employee can increase their pay horizontally, by climbing each step within their grade, or vertically, by jumping grades. In grade 1 are entry-level positions with the starter salary of $21,986 a year and the maximum salary of $27,502 a year, corresponding to step 1 and 10 respectively. On the opposite end of the scale is grade 15, which is reserved for senior management roles, high-level technical specialists, and professionals with advanced degrees. In grade 15, the starting salary is $123,041 and the maximum salary is $159,950, corresponding to step 1 and 10 respectively.
三、文字总显抽象,图像则一目了然