为了让阅读者能高效且有效地理解并吸收本篇文字,咱们预先设定阅读背景三条,以谋求共识。具体内容如下:
1、近义词辨析是基于他们的交集意思进行辨析,而非他们的其他不相关意思。
2、近义辨析很难,尤其是跨语言的近义辨析。因为翻译就是一个信息衰减的过程,所以请阅读者在进行近义辨析时,多结合生活中的实际场景去思考、体会和理解。
3、近义词辨析不仅能学习到相关词汇知识,而且在辨析过程中,也是对其他相关知识的一种梳理、重构和查缺补漏。
言归正传,今天的主题是【level, grade, degree, extent】之间的联系与差异。
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想要区分【level, grade, degree, extent】这几个单词之间的差异,就得先设定一些参考基准线,而这几个单词之间的差异就围绕这些基准线展开。只有这样,我们才能察觉出他们之间的细微差异。
一般来说,各位看官需要先阅读下述的基本概念,再通过数个例句营造的语境来体会、理解词汇的核心意思,最后再通过差异对比才能真正理解词汇之间的细微不同。
当然,如果你觉得这些内容都没必要,则可以跳到本篇的最后小节,直接阅读词汇之间的差异对比。
一、基本概念
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程度:一般来说,是指深度、强度;但是如果广度达到必要量时,自然也就变成了程度,因此程度包括广度和深度。
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广度和深度的相互转换:在一个实体(A)内部,进行多维度比较,是一种横向比较。但两个实体(A和B)之间进行比较时,实体(A)和实体(B)是横向比较,而原来实体(A)内部所谓的横向维度(广度),就变成了纵向维度(深度)。
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质:不仅是指质量,还包括品质等体现事物好坏、优劣、高下的一些属性。
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系统性:是指一个整体、一个集合内部各组成部分之间相互联系、相互作用、协调一致的属性或特性。
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【Level, grade, degree, extent】这几个词,他们每一个都有多种用法。本篇文字讨论的是他们之间的交集意思,也就是他们之间最容易被混淆的地方,而非全面地阐述每一个单词的每一种用法。
一、Grade
【Grade】的核心意思:是衡量体系中的一个等级或一个计量单位。具体的等级分值引申为【质】的优劣,如:服务的质量高低,薪资等级或公司地位的高低,物体(包括食物)的品质好坏,甚至是大小等等。
它的特点是衡量所用的计量维度相对单一,强调【质】,但衡量标准细致、严格且具体。通过下面的例句体会它的核心意思。
1、教育系统中的年级划分,以及各类考试中的具体分值。如:三年级数学考了100分。
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He skipped a grade so he finished high school early.
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He got a grade A in maths. 成绩的多少
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Henry achieved grade A passes at A-level. 取得了A的Henry,通过了A-level的考试
2、衡量体系中的一个等级或一个计量单位。具体的等级分值又引申为【质】的优劣,如:物体(包括食物)的品质好坏,服务的质量高低、薪资等级或公司地位的高低等等。
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The best grades of tea are expensive.
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All the materials used were of the highest grade.
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The entire production line is made of high-quality, food-grade stainless steel.
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But it is very important that chefs and restaurants use a food-grade tank and not industrial-grade one.
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He was offered a job at a lower grade. 薪资等级或公司地位
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The majority of staff are on the same grade. 同上
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Marvin wanted to be an actor, but he didn’t make the grade. 没能达到相关等级要求(grade这个词本身内含【质】的意思)
3、通过动词属性的【Grade】,辅助说明它的核心意思
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I have to grade their work when I teach them. 判作业(或打分)
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The fruit is washed and then graded by size.
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Beef is graded on the basis of its fat content.
二、Level
【Level】的核心意思:是系统性衡量体系中的一个刻度,且计量单位的标尺相对较大(层级)。它的特点是衡量所用的计量标尺相对较大,维度多元,强调【系统性】。
1、空间维度的平面或层级
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The restaurant is on the level below this one. 在这层下面的那一层
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The floodwater nearly reached roof level. 屋顶那个平面(高度)
2、衡量体系中的一个刻度或一个计量单位。当具体的刻度抽象化之后,随着层级的提升,其系统性、复杂性、品质感都随之提升。
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The hotel’s level of service is consistently high.
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He studied French to degree level. 学位水平(层级)

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I refuse to sink to their level (= behave as badly as them).
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On a more personal level, I would like to thank Jean for all the help she has given me. 在更私人一些的层面上来说
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Each level is randomly generated so each game is different. 游戏关卡层级
三、Degree
【Degree】的核心意思:是系统性衡量体系中的一个刻度,且计量单位的标尺相对较小(刻度或程度)。它的特点是衡量所用的计量标尺相对较小,维度单一,强调【量】。
1、衡量体系中的一个刻度或一个计量单位,如:温度、角度、经纬度等。
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Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (32°F) or zero/nought degrees Celsius (0°C).
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Bake the pie in a 350-degree (= 350°F) oven.
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Lean forward at a 45-degree angle. 角度
2、具体的刻度抽象为各类的程度,如:难度、硬度、精确度、精通程度、污染程度等等。
A:That’s really bad.
B:Well, it’s all a matter of degree. 那只不过是度的问题,而不是好坏问题
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I like modern art to a certain degree, but I don’t like the really experimental stuff.
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Most pop music is influenced, to a greater or lesser degree, by the blues. 或多或少
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I felt excitement and sadness in equal degree as I waved goodbye to my colleagues. 喜忧参半
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He doesn’t like spicy food, but can eat a little pepper to a degree. 一点点辣
四、Extent
【Extent】的核心意思:通过区域面(二维)来描述程度。与区域(面积,二维)有关的汉语,包括覆盖面、涉及面、波及面(波浪所及)、牵扯面、影响面、扩散传播面等等。
1、空间维度的区域面
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You can’t see the full extent of the beach from here. 区域
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We don’t know the extent of his injuries at this point. 在这时,我们还不知道伤势范围(广度)
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The River Nile is over 6,500 kilometres in extent. 虽然是长度,但河肯定是有宽度的,也就是说,它是一个狭长的区域
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He unwound the rope to its full extent. 他把绳子完全解开
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The car was damaged to such an extent that it couldn’t be repaired. 广度
2、抽象化之后的区域面。与之相关的汉语词汇包括覆盖面、涉及面、波及面(波浪所及)、牵扯面、影响面、扩散传播面等等。
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She had not realized the extent to which the children had been affected.
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To some extent, she was responsible for the accident. 达到某种程度(广度)
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Some people hold their beliefs very strongly, even to the extent of being prepared to go to prison for them.
说明:程度:一般来说,是指深度、强度;但是如果广度达到必要量时,自然也就变成了程度,因此程度包括广度和深度。
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一、比较或对比的分析过程最好是直抵核心,差异突出、细节丰富。但实际应用的逻辑则是越精简越好,所以最后的总结只有一条应用逻辑,但细分为四点,具体内容如下:
1、若要衡量或体现,某事物的【质】,则应用【grade】;
2、若要衡量或体现,某事物的【系统复杂性】,则应用【level】;
3、若要衡量或描述,某事物的【程度】,则应用【degree】;
4、若要通过广度来体现某事物所处的【程度】,则应用【extent】;
5、剩下的其他细节再通过日积月累的实践,慢慢补充进自己的知识体系之中。
二、通过典型例句,体会上面的抽象文字
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I agree with you to a certain degree. 一定程度上同意你(基本同意,非常同意,极其赞同)
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I agree with this policy to a certain extent. 一定范围上同意这个政策(如:政策的第一、三、五章内容,我都同意)
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To what level are you committed to this project? 投入程度(层级)到什么程度(层级)
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The hotel has a high grade of service. 服务的质量是真好,不一定是哪一个层级的(level),有可能是一星级
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The hotel’s level of service is consistently high. 高层级的酒店服务(五星),但服务质量不一定真好
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The grades range from 1 to 15 and each has 10 steps. In this structure, an employee can increase their pay horizontally, by climbing each step within their grade, or vertically, by jumping grades. In grade 1 are entry-level positions with the starter salary of $21,986 a year and the maximum salary of $27,502 a year, corresponding to step 1 and 10 respectively. On the opposite end of the scale is grade 15, which is reserved for senior management roles, high-level technical specialists, and professionals with advanced degrees. In grade 15, the starting salary is $123,041 and the maximum salary is $159,950, corresponding to step 1 and 10 respectively.
三、文字总显抽象,图像则一目了然