为了让阅读者能高效且有效地理解并吸收这篇文字,咱们预先设定阅读背景三条,以谋求共识。具体内容如下:
1、近义词辨析是基于他们的交集意思进行辨析,而非他们的其他不相关意思。
2、近义辨析很难,尤其是跨语言的近义辨析。因为翻译就是一个信息衰减的过程,所以请阅读者在进行近义辨析时,多结合生活中的实际场景去思考、体会和理解。
3、近义词辨析不仅能学习到相关词汇知识,而且在辨析过程中,也是对其他相关知识的一种梳理、重构和查缺补漏。
言归正传,今天的主题是【constitute, compose, consist of, comprise】之间的区别与联系。
1
想要区分【constitute, compose, consist of, comprise】这几个单词之间的差异,就得先设定一些参考基准线,而这几个单词之间的差异就围绕这些基准线展开。只有这样,我们才能察觉出他们之间的细微差异。
一般来说,各位看官需要先阅读下述的基本概念,再通过数个例句营造的语境来体会、理解词汇的核心意思,最后再通过差异对比才能真正理解词汇之间的细微不同。
当然,如果你觉得这些内容都没必要,则可以跳到本篇的最后一节,直接阅读词汇之间的差异对比。
一、基本概念
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完整(形容词):是指所有部分都包含在内了,都聚合在一起了,没有缺损。
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整体(名词):是指全部组成部分及其内部关系,都凝聚在一起,形成一个统一体,同时展现出整个 个体(系统)的功能或属性等。
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不完全整体(名词):是指组件有缺损,暂未构成整体。
2
【Constitute, compose, consist of, comprise】这几个词,他们每一个都有多种用法。本篇文字讨论的是他们之间的交集意思,也就是他们之间最容易被混淆的地方,而非全面地阐述每一个单词的每一种用法。
一、Constitute
【Constitute】的核心意思:由必要或核心的组件,构成整体。也就是说,从【质】的角度来说,这些(或这个)组件是必要且核心的,整体可能并不完整,但必要的核心组件都已经汇聚在一起了。
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Does such an activity constitute a criminal offence? 是否构成刑事犯罪(达到了刑事概念的边界)
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The items listed in a recipe constitute what will be in a cake; later, the individual ingredients constitute the cake.
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People under the age of 40 constitute the majority of the labour force.
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The committee was constituted in 1974 by an Act of Parliament.
二、Compose
【Compose】的核心意思:以某种特定的方式组合在一起,只有这样才能形成一个有机整体,否则无法形成整体。强调组件之间的有机关系。
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Five different metals compose the alloy. 合金(完美融合)
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The committee was composed of members from different departments. 协调各部门关系
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Air is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.
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At that time, women composed only 1.6 percent of the US forces.
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Around 15 percent of our diet is composed of protein.
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The opera was composed in 1931 but wasn’t performed until 1940.
三、Consist
【Consist】的核心意思:前者与后者相符或一致。
整体与其所有的组成部件肯定是相符或一致的,引申出【consist of】的用法:整体由部件组成,两者的关系是相符或一致的。
应用语境(consist of):说者在向听者解释这个整体的组成部分是什么。也就是说,首先呈现在观察者面前的,往往都是整体,而非部件。

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The buffet consisted of several different Indian dishes.
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Their diet only consisted of fruit and vegetables.
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The whole group consists of students.
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The area does not consist entirely of rich people, despite popular belief.
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This cake consists mainly of sugar, flour, and butter.
四、Comprise
【Comprise】的核心意思:整体与全部(或一部分)组件之间的关系。其有四种表达方式:一是整体由全部组件组成;二是整体由部分组件组成;三是不完全整体由部分组件组成;四是一部分组件组成了不完全整体。
1、整体由全部组件组成
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These few men comprise his entire army.
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The periodic table comprises 118 elements, because the whole comprises the parts.
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The class comprises 25 students, it means the class is made up of 25 students.
2、整体由部分组件组成
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Coca-Cola comprises many substances, which constitute the secret formula.
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The house comprises two bedrooms, a kitchen, and a living room. 可能是部分组件
3、不完全整体由部分组件组成
【be comprised of】的用法存在对与错的争议,实际上它就是【be composed of】的声音替身。故书面表达时,尽量暂时不要用此类表达。
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About 8 percent of our military forces are comprised of women.
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Around 15 percent of our diet is composed of protein.
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The course is comprised of fifteen core modules.
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The class is comprised mainly of Mexican and Canadian students.
说明:虽然有争议,但用法大于语法(Usage determines meaning. )。
上图:来自权威英语词典
4、部分组件组成了不完全整体
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Young adults comprise largest group of suspended voters.
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Food exports are very important, comprising 74% of the total.
3
一、比较或对比的分析过程最好是直抵核心,差异突出、细节丰富。但实际应用的逻辑则是越精简越好,所以最后的总结只有一条应用逻辑,但需细化为如下五条:
1、强调部件之间的有机整合,使用【compose】;
2、强调部件的地位是必要的或具有核心属性的,使用【constitute】;
3、如果什么也不强调,还要罗列出所有部件,则使用【consist of】;
4、在上文中已经使用【consist of】之后,又想提及部分组件,则可使用【comprise】来避免词汇的重复使用,同时可只提及关键相关组件信息。
5、剩下的其他细节再通过日积月累的实践,慢慢补充进自己的语法体系之中。
二、通过典型例句体会上面的抽象文字
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A team consists of members with specific roles. 特定的岗位(或角色),强调团队的既定岗位构成
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Our team comprises one project manager, two software developers, and two marketing specialists. 可以表达一部分部件(并非团队的所有人)构成了整体
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One project manager, two software developers, and two marketing specialists comprise our team.
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A team is composed of players with various skills. 拥有不同技能的人(强调通过协调各类王者组成了一个团结的团队)
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One project manager, two software developers, and two marketing specialists constitute our team. 强调这几个在团队中的核心地位
三、文字总显抽象,图像一目了然。此图不是用来记的,而是用来备查的。
Earth’s structure consists of layers. These layers comprise the crust, mantle, and core. Together, they constitute the entire planet. The rocks and metals which compose these layers create its unique properties.