模型反应中,研究人员系统优化了溶剂、碱、膦类化合物、氢原子转移(HAT)来源、光催化剂和波长等反应条件(部分见SI)。实验结果显示:不需要光催化剂,光照下仅需1.0 eq NHPI、0.8 eq dppp、10 mol% Ph2S2、1.2 eq NaHCO3溶解在DMA(2 mL)中室温反应24小时,就可以以极佳的收率得到脱羧产物;小规模放大后收率同样不错;
机理验证中通过自由基捕获实验(A)、自由基钟实验(B)、控制实验(C)和氘标记实验(D),验证反应是一个自由基参与的机制,
并推测出如下反应途径:

首先,在 450-455nm 蓝色 LED 照射下,Ph₂S₂发生 S-S 键均裂,生成 PhS・自由基;然后PhS・自由基与 NHPI 发生氢原子转移,推动 NHPI 转化为 PhthNO・自由基;接着该自由基和dppf作用,生成磷氧加合物,然后氧膦离去,N-O键均裂得到自由基PhthN·,该自由基和羧基作用提取羧基氢,得到羧基自由基自由基中间体,最后迅速脱羧得到产物。
反应条件:
General procedure for the reaction
In an oven dried 25-mL Schlenk tube was charged with 1 (0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv), dppp (66 mg, 0.16 mmol, 0.8 equiv), NHPI (33 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv), Ph2S2 (4.4 mg, 0.02 mmol, 10 mol%), and NaHCO3 (20 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1.2 equiv). The tube was then evacuated and back-filled under argon flow (this sequence was repeated three times), anhydrous DMA (2.0 mL) was added under Ar. The tube was screw capped and heated to 30 °C under irradiation of Blue LEDs (450-455 nm).
After stirring for 24 h, the reaction mixture was quenched by water and extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic phases were removed under vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the product 2 or 3.